diff --git a/chart.go b/chart.go
index 411a9c6..5212a43 100644
--- a/chart.go
+++ b/chart.go
@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ func (c Chart) Render(rp RendererProvider, w io.Writer) error {
 	canvasBox := c.getDefaultCanvasBox()
 	xf, yf, yfa := c.getValueFormatters()
 
+	Debugf(c.Log, "chart; canvas box: %v", canvasBox)
+
 	xr, yr, yra = c.setRangeDomains(canvasBox, xr, yr, yra)
 
 	err = c.checkRanges(xr, yr, yra)
@@ -116,6 +118,8 @@ func (c Chart) Render(rp RendererProvider, w io.Writer) error {
 		canvasBox = c.getAxesAdjustedCanvasBox(r, canvasBox, xr, yr, yra, xt, yt, yta)
 		xr, yr, yra = c.setRangeDomains(canvasBox, xr, yr, yra)
 
+		Debugf(c.Log, "chart; axes adjusted canvas box: %v", canvasBox)
+
 		// do a second pass in case things haven't settled yet.
 		xt, yt, yta = c.getAxesTicks(r, xr, yr, yra, xf, yf, yfa)
 		canvasBox = c.getAxesAdjustedCanvasBox(r, canvasBox, xr, yr, yra, xt, yt, yta)
@@ -126,6 +130,8 @@ func (c Chart) Render(rp RendererProvider, w io.Writer) error {
 		canvasBox = c.getAnnotationAdjustedCanvasBox(r, canvasBox, xr, yr, yra, xf, yf, yfa)
 		xr, yr, yra = c.setRangeDomains(canvasBox, xr, yr, yra)
 		xt, yt, yta = c.getAxesTicks(r, xr, yr, yra, xf, yf, yfa)
+
+		Debugf(c.Log, "chart; annotation adjusted canvas box: %v", canvasBox)
 	}
 
 	c.drawCanvas(r, canvasBox)
@@ -382,14 +388,17 @@ func (c Chart) getAxesAdjustedCanvasBox(r Renderer, canvasBox Box, xr, yr, yra R
 	axesOuterBox := canvasBox.Clone()
 	if !c.XAxis.Style.Hidden {
 		axesBounds := c.XAxis.Measure(r, canvasBox, xr, c.styleDefaultsAxes(), xticks)
+		Debugf(c.Log, "chart; x-axis measured %v", axesBounds)
 		axesOuterBox = axesOuterBox.Grow(axesBounds)
 	}
 	if !c.YAxis.Style.Hidden {
 		axesBounds := c.YAxis.Measure(r, canvasBox, yr, c.styleDefaultsAxes(), yticks)
+		Debugf(c.Log, "chart; y-axis measured %v", axesBounds)
 		axesOuterBox = axesOuterBox.Grow(axesBounds)
 	}
-	if !c.YAxisSecondary.Style.Hidden {
+	if !c.YAxisSecondary.Style.Hidden && c.hasSecondarySeries() {
 		axesBounds := c.YAxisSecondary.Measure(r, canvasBox, yra, c.styleDefaultsAxes(), yticksAlt)
+		Debugf(c.Log, "chart; y-axis secondary measured %v", axesBounds)
 		axesOuterBox = axesOuterBox.Grow(axesBounds)
 	}
 
diff --git a/chart_test.go b/chart_test.go
index 8810374..dbbb34f 100644
--- a/chart_test.go
+++ b/chart_test.go
@@ -484,8 +484,12 @@ func TestChartE2ELine(t *testing.T) {
 	assert := assert.New(t)
 
 	c := Chart{
-		Height: 50,
-		Width:  50,
+		Height:         50,
+		Width:          50,
+		TitleStyle:     Hidden(),
+		XAxis:          HideXAxis(),
+		YAxis:          HideYAxis(),
+		YAxisSecondary: HideYAxis(),
 		Canvas: Style{
 			Padding: BoxZero,
 		},
@@ -532,6 +536,10 @@ func TestChartE2ELineWithFill(t *testing.T) {
 		Background: Style{
 			Padding: BoxZero,
 		},
+		TitleStyle:     Hidden(),
+		XAxis:          HideXAxis(),
+		YAxis:          HideYAxis(),
+		YAxisSecondary: HideYAxis(),
 		Series: []Series{
 			ContinuousSeries{
 				Style: Style{
@@ -542,6 +550,7 @@ func TestChartE2ELineWithFill(t *testing.T) {
 				YValues: LinearRangeWithStep(0, 4, 1),
 			},
 		},
+		Log: NewLogger(),
 	}
 
 	assert.Equal(5, len(c.Series[0].(ContinuousSeries).XValues))
@@ -551,8 +560,6 @@ func TestChartE2ELineWithFill(t *testing.T) {
 	err := c.Render(PNG, buffer)
 	assert.Nil(err)
 
-	// do color tests ...
-
 	i, err := png.Decode(buffer)
 	assert.Nil(err)
 
diff --git a/e2efill.png b/e2efill.png
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b4c121a
Binary files /dev/null and b/e2efill.png differ
diff --git a/xaxis.go b/xaxis.go
index fbde599..4fcb569 100644
--- a/xaxis.go
+++ b/xaxis.go
@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"math"
 )
 
+// HideXAxis hides the x-axis.
+func HideXAxis() XAxis {
+	return XAxis{
+		Style: Hidden(),
+	}
+}
+
 // XAxis represents the horizontal axis.
 type XAxis struct {
 	Name      string
diff --git a/yaxis.go b/yaxis.go
index 028fcc8..841fc86 100644
--- a/yaxis.go
+++ b/yaxis.go
@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"math"
 )
 
+// HideYAxis hides a y-axis.
+func HideYAxis() YAxis {
+	return YAxis{
+		Style: Hidden(),
+	}
+}
+
 // YAxis is a veritcal rule of the range.
 // There can be (2) y-axes; a primary and secondary.
 type YAxis struct {